The active material on the positive electrode of the Nickel-cadmium Battery is composed of nickel oxide powder and graphite powder. The graphite does not participate in the chemical reaction, and its main function is to enhance the conductivity. The active material on the negative electrode plate is composed of cadmium oxide powder and iron oxide powder.
Ni-Cd Battery and NiMH batteries are amongst the toughest batteries to control. Whereas using lithium ion batteries and lead acid batteries it is possible to control overcharge by setting a max control voltage, the nickel based batteries do not have a"float charge" voltage.
The Ni-MH Battery is mostly used in low-orbit satellites, which charge and discharge the batteries on every pass around the earth, and so need a long cycle-life battery. Nickel-hydrogen cells have a cycle life of tens of thousands of cycles.
LiFePO4 Battery open up a new range of possibilities for the off grid ham, but it’s not as simple as replacing every battery you have with lithium. Deciding what type of battery to use requires walking a fine line of benefits and tradeoffs.
In general, NiMH batteries cannot handle the high rate of charges or discharges (typically over 1.5-2 amps) that Ni-Cd Battery can. Many modelers use high rate, peak detection or time-based chargers to charge NiCad batteries. Such chargers are NOT recommended for NiMH batteries (unless otherwise specified in the charger or battery literature) as they can cause permanent damage to the NiMH cells. Also, NiMH batteries will not perform well in high rate discharge applications, typically providing only a small fraction of the rated capacity in these instances.
LiFePO4 Battery is a famous lithium ion technology in China because of the broad use and suitability to a broad selection of applications.
The life cycle cost of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery is a quarter of lead acid batteries. The upfront costs to get a pack differ from comparable to double based upon the program, but one has to consider that in 3 to 6 years' period the lead-acid batteries have to be replaced along with also the LiFePO4 cells will continue 13 to 20 years based on the program and package design.
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